When Freedom Cried Out
The Freedmen's Bureau in Texas

Cotton ready for harvest.

Ira Christopher Colby, The Freedmen's Bureau in Texas and Its Impact on the Emerging Social Welfare System and Black-White Social Relations, 1865-1885 (D.S.W. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1984).

Barry A. Crouch, The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992).

Barry A. Crouch, "The Freedmen's Bureau and the Thirtieth Sub-District in Texas: Smith County and Its Environs during Reconstruction," Chronicles of Smith County, Spring 1972.

Barry A. Crouch and Larry Madaras, "Reconstructing Black Families: Perspectives from the Texas Freedmen's Bureau Records," Prologue 18 (Summer 1986).

Barry A. Crouch, "View from Within: Letters of Gregory Barrett, Freedmen's Bureau Agent," Chronicles of Smith County, Winter 1973.

Barry Crouch, "Hidden Sources of Black History: The Texas Freedmen's Bureau Records as a Case Study," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 83 ( January 1981)(January, 1980).

Barry A. Crouch, "The Freedmen's Bureau in Colorado County, Texas, 1865-1868," Part 2, (pp. 147-175) Second installment of a detailed look at the activities of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands in Colorado County.

Barry A. Crouch, “All the Vile Passions’:  The Texas Black Code of 1866,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly  97, no. 1 (July, 1993).

Barry A. Crouch, “The Freedmen’s Bureau in Beaumont (Part One),” Texas Gulf Historical and Biographical Record  28, no. 1 (1992).

Barry A. Crouch, “The Freedmen’s Bureau in Beaumont (Part Two),” Texas Gulf Historical and Biographical Record  29, no. 1 (1993).

Barry A. Crouch, “A Political Education:  George T. Ruby and the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau,” Houston Review  18, no. 2 (1996).

Ross Nathaniel Dudney, Texas Reconstruction: The Role of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, 1865-1870, Smith County, (Tyler) Texas (M.S. thesis, Texas A&I University, 1986).

Claude Elliott, "The Freedmen's Bureau in Texas," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 56 (July 1952).

Elaine C. Everly. "Freedmen's Bureau Records: An Overview." Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration (Summer 1997): 95-99.

Alton Hornsby, Jr., "The Freedmen's Bureau Schools in Texas, 1865-1870," Southwestern Historical Quarterly 76 (April 1963). 1973

LaVonne Roberts Jackson,  Freedom and Family:  The Freedmen's Bureau and African-American Women in Texas in the Reconstruction Era, 1865-1872." (diss.)  Washington, D.C.:  Howard University,  May 1996.

Neal, DianeNeal, and Thomas W. Kremm, “’What Shall We Do with the Negro?’:  The Freedmen’s Bureau in Texas,” East Texas Historical Journal  27, no. 2 (1989).

William L.Richter,  “Who Was the Real Head of the Texas Freedmen’s Bureau?:  The Role of Brevet Colonel William H. Sinclair as Acting Assistant Inspector General,” Military History of the Southwest  20, no. 2 (Fall, 1990).

Richter, William L.,  Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865-1868

James Smallwood, "Black Education in Reconstruction Texas: The Contributions of the Freedmen's Bureau and Benevolent Societies," East Texas Historical Journal 19 (Spring 1981).

James Smallwood, "Charles E. Culver, a Reconstruction Agent in Texas," Civil War History 27 (December 1981).

James Smallwood, "The Freedmen's Bureau Reconsidered," Texana 11 (Fall 1973)

James Smallwood, ”Black Education in Reconstruction Texas:  The Contributions of the Freedmen’s Bureau and Benevolent Societies,” East Texas Historical Journal  19, no. 1 (1981).

James Smallwood, “The Freedmen’s Bureau Reconsidered:  Local Agents and the Black Community,” Texana  11, no. 4 (1973).

James Smallwood, "Early 'Freedom Schools': Black Self-Help and Education in Reconstruction-Texas, a Case Study," Negro History Bulletin 41 ( January-February 1978).

Esther Lane Thompson, The Influence of the Freedmen's Bureau on the Education of the Negro in Texas (M.A. thesis, Texas Southern University, 1956).

The Reconstruction Era African-Americans in Texas

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